The Arcanomicon of Geiri by Geiri Chapter 1 - Introduction Chapter 2 - Terminology Chapter 3 - Quartzes Chapter 4 - Beryls Chapter 5 - Corumdums Chapter 6 - Opals Chapter 7 - Ore-stones Chapter 8 - Other Earth-gems Chapter 9 - The Fashioning and Making of Gems Chapter 10 - From the Sea and the Sky Chapter 11 - The Sages and their Sources Chapter 1 - Introduction ======================== The purpose of this work is two-fold. Firstly, the work tries to set out the classical thinking on the classification of gems and jewels. This thinking goes back to the earliest days, when the Noldor first delved the earth-gems in Aman. The gems were plentiful in Aman, and before the darkening of Valinor, Maglor had composed the Kantimire, a lengthy poem on the appearance and properties of jewels. This was preserved in oral form throughout the dark days, before being written down and adapted by Celebrimbor in Ost-in-Edhil. A translation of the Kantimire is used as much of the basis for each gemstone and precious mineral in this text. Beyond the classifications and descriptions of gems, over the centuries many properties have been suggested by sages, mystics and alchemists. Hence, I have tried to represent much of this lore by means of quotations from these many volumes. Much of this lore has developed from the major use for many gems: the use to cure heal illness, poison and disease by healers. The variety of remedies probably reached its zenith in the 17th century, as many tried anything in the hope of dispelling or curing the Great Plague. Some of these suggestions complement one another, while others are of a more contradictory nature. While, as an editor, I have exercised some judgment in inclusion and exclusion of incompatible sources, in many places I have tried to write a balanced account by drawing in equal measure on the reliable authors. Chapter 2 - Terminology ======================= To begin with, to better aid the reader, I include here a basic guide to the terms and definitions employed throughout this work. Most minerals (and gems are usually minerals) are one of two types: Crystalline, occurring as single stones or clusters of stones, each with a definite structure that is regularly repeated throughout crystals of the same sort; Massive, occurring as continuous masses of that mineral, having no regular structure that is readily discernible. The distinction is something of a technicality, since Aule taught the Eldar long ago that massive minerals are indeed regular (but on a scale smaller than discernible to the elves). However, the distinction has survived. Gemstone ore is usually found in veins or seams within other rock, and fairly often as stream-bed pebbles or in hardened lava flows, but there are four other noteworthy forms in which particular gemstones are found: vughs, geodes, enhydros, and nogasts. Vughs are cavities within rock where a vein of gem ore (once flowing water) opened out into a wider space in the rock and deposited gem crystals around its walls. Geodes are small, round nodules of rock (usually formed when mineral-rich waters percolated into steam cavities in lava), sometimes called "potato stones" due to their shape. Within is a hollow cavity lined with gem crystals, most often amethyst or rock crystal. Enhydros("water-agates") are masses of cloudy-white chalcedony within which water is sealed. When one is shaken, the trapped water can be heard splashing about. Nogasts are spherical nodules of silicified claystone and shingast, which display star-shaped masses of agate when cut into sections. Crystalline stones are often faceted, a process by which they are flaked or ground into a series of flat faces that together usually form one of several customary cuts, in the shape of symmetrical but irregular polyhedra. Both crystalline and massive stones may be smooth cut, which is the act of forming them into regular shapes with flat surfaces suitable for engraving (such as often found in rings). They may be made into cabochons, which are oval or round dome-like shapes with one flat side for mounting on various surfaces. They may be also be carved into beads, figurines, symbols, and other shapes, or simply polished in the natural shape of the stone. Massive stones are sometimes found in large enough masses to be shaped like one would shape wood or architectural stone; sections may be sawn off a large stone and used decoratively as slabs; or, they may be carved (or even turned) into jars, bowls, and other functional shapes. Inclusions are any of the specks of other materials, bubbles, tiny flaws, impurities, and the like which affect the appearance of a stone by their presence. Cat's-eye stones, found among many mineral families, are caused by certain patterns of inclusions which, when a stone is shaped properly, present an appearance like the slit-shaped pupil of a cat's eye. Star gems have analogous patterns creating the illusion of a pale, six-rayed star (much favoured by the Heirs of Elendil). Both cat's-eyes and stars must usually be cut into cabochons to display these effects (known respectively as chatoyancy and asterism). The value of a given stone will depend on its size, colour, relative freedom from flaws, and the skill with which it has been polished and/or cut. Chapter 3 - Quartzes ==================== Quartz is one of the most abundant minerals. As such, it comes in a bewildering array of colours and types. Many of these are known by individual names. Combinations of several varieties are common, and the terminology to most intents goes back to the very earliest days. Firstly, the uniform quartzes are discussed, before the more complex and prized variants such as the agates and jaspers. Blue Quartz ----------- This is a pure, transparent, pale- to medium-blue form of crystalline quartz. Fine specimens are faceted for use in inexpensive jewelry. There is nothing exceptional to remark on this mineral. Rock Crystal ------------ Rock crystal is the colourless, transparent variety of crystalline quartz. The most valuable pieces are free of inclusions; lesser stones often have needle-like inclusions euphemistically termed "love's darts." The stone is often faceted, or carved into crystal balls or fine sculptures; poorer pieces may be polished for use as beads. Sages purport that rock crystal is super-hardened, unmeltable ice (perhaps one of the created gems like amber); thus, it is said to be able to slake thirst. Round, smooth balls of it are carried to cool the hands or forehead on hot days, and crystal rings are worn for the same purpose. Crystal worn on the finger, as a solid ring or as a stone in a setting, is said to protect the wearer from frostbite as well. Sangardya wrote that "the Crystal promotes sweet sleep, and good dreams," and that balls of the crystal are purported to be used as scrying devices. Smoky Quartz ------------ Smoky quartz is the transparent variety of crystalline quartz that ranges from gray-brown to brown-black; regardless of hue, it must be clear rather than cloudy to be of value. The very clearest and palest stones are faceted; lesser ones are polished and made into beads, or carved into figurines, small cups, and the like. Certain varieties, especially the paler gray-brown stones or those with a bluish tinge, are also called cairnstone. No particular mystic properties are attributed to this stone. Star Rose Quartz ---------------- The star rose quartz is the only valuable form of rose quartz, a translucent-to-opaque quartz variety usually found in massive form. Star rose quartz is a rose-pink, translucent crystalline stone(not as red as a ruby) with the usual whitish six-rayed "star" displayed therein; and, like all stars, it must be cut in a cabochon to bring out this quality. Gilcudor considers this one of the twelve holy jewels, presumably because of the six-rayed star. He believed it brought good luck. Other sages have dismissed this as being no more than a token of faith. Agates ------ The sages attribute many virtues to the varieties of agates. The Book of Flaxan Leechdoms says "Of the stone which hight Agate it hath eight virtues for them; against thunder, sorcery, fiendish possession, venom, or poison, disease, the evils of strong drink, and outbreaks of the skin." The alchemist Sangardya wrote, "The Agate quenches thirst, if held in the mouth, and soothes fever."; Malbeth claimed it "renders a man eloquent, prudent, amiable, and agreeable"; Gairn Mydrath notes its value for "restful and safe sleep." It is considered hostile to poisons, and is therefore made into drinking bowls and other such vessels. Another method for securing its protection is to touch all foods and cooking utensils with an especially valuable agate before preparing or serving food. According to Uthrin the Elder, the Edain taught that storms may be averted by burning agates. Agates have been found in many mountain ranges, but the dwarves of Khazad-dum, produced agates if superior quality and quantity. There are three generally accepted forms of agates: banded, eye and moss agates: >Banded Agate ------------ This is the translucent-to-opaque, multilayered variety of massive quartz. The layers may include brown, black, or white(onyx), pale blue (chalcedony), red-orange(carnelian), and many others, each in a thin layer. It is usually carved into vases, beads, figurines, and so forth; intangios and cameos are sometimes carved from pieces with comparatively thick layers. Pieces with smoothly concentric bands may be cut into eye agates. >Eye Agate --------- Eye agate is simply a piece of banded agate whose bands form a concentric pattern resembling an eye, and which has been cut in a form, such as a circular slice or cabochon, that emphasizes the eye. As well as the properties of normal agates, eye agates are considered as an amulet to ward off evil, and from protection from spirits. >Moss Agate ---------- Moss agate is a near-transparent to translucent form of massive quartz with greenish or greyish inclusions resembling tendrils of moss. It may be vaguely yellowish or pinkish, sometimes with a smoky tinge. The most valuable variety is almost transparent with pure green "moss." Smoky stones with brown, grey, or black moss are also called "mocca stones." It is usually made into cabochons, beads, or pendants; sometimes the pebbles are simply polished and strung into necklaces. As well as the properties of all agates, the finest moss agates are considered powerful sources of plant fertility. Amethyst -------- Amethyst is the pale- to deep-purple form of transparent crystalline quartz. To be of real value, it should be entirely clear; such stones are faceted. Pale stones, or those with many inclusions, are often polished and used as beads. A massive, translucent-to-opaque form of quartz, often with bands of agate or milky quartz, far less valuable, is made into cabochons and beads, carved into bowls, and so forth; this stone is called "amethyst quartz" to distinguish it from true gem-quality amethyst. Amethyst was mined in Khazad-dum and mines in the southern Misty Mountains, along with the White Mountains. The sages are unanimous in telling us that this is the stone of sobriety and temperance. It prevents drunkenness and druggedness, and has been used in the fashioning of goblets. The gem also expelled poison, restrains one from indulging in too much sleep, quickens the wit, drives vapours from the head and protects soldiers. It is much used in places of worship, as it is believed to create an atmosphere of mental peace and calm meditation. If the names of the guides of the sun and the moon, Arien and Tilion, are engraved upon an amethyst, this is said to act as a protection against the power of evil and its servants. Carnelian --------- Carnelian is the translucent to near-opaque, yellow-brown to brownish-red variety of massive quartz, often resembling the colour of flesh. It is made into rings, bowls, cabochons, small figures, and the like. It is also called sard. Carnelian can be found in many mountain ranges, but the dwarves have mined particularly rich deposits in the Misty Mountains. It is said that carnelian "appeases anger, makes cheerful minds, expels fear, makes courage, destroys and prevents fascination and charms, and defends the body against all poisons," and generally benefits the wisdom and protects from evil. It is also said to cure tumours, to staunch bleeding, and to heal wounds not made by iron. Chalcedony ---------- This is the translucent-to-opaque, blue-white to pale blue or blue-grey form of massive quartz. It occurs in evenly coloured and in banded forms. If evenly coloured and translucent, it may be made into cabochons or beads; all sorts are carved into bowls, beads, boxes, figurines, etc. The strongholds of Belegost and Nogrod, as well as Khazad-dum, all produce quality deposits of chalcedony. It is said to increase strength, and Gairn Mydrath tells us that it wards off the Unseen. Seals are said to swallow chalcedony pebbles "with choice thereof, and relish." though to what ends is unknown. Chrysoprase ----------- This is a translucent apple-green, or sometimes darker, form of massive quartz. It sometimes occurs with a brown veining which, though attractive, reduces the value of the stone. It is made into beads and cabochons, and sometimes carved into figures. Chrysoprase is said to be emblematic of eloquence, and of good luck; Gairn Mydrath also associates it with invisibility. Citrine ------- This is a transparent form of crystalline quartz, ranging from pale yellow to medium yellow to a clear yellow-brown. Many stones are polished and made into beads, or carved into small cups, figurines, and other shapes; good clear specimens are faceted. It has no reputation for mystic virtues or powers. Jasper ------ Jasper is an opaque form of massive quartz composed of tiny, interlocking grains and having an oily lustre. It occurs in a variety of colours, including blue, black, brown, red, green, and yellow; and in banded, spotted, veined, etc., varieties in almost any conceivable combination (see bloodstone below). It is carved into beads, cabochons, and the like; it is a traditional stone to smooth-cut for carving signets, seals, and so on. Like many of the other quartzes, jasper was used in trade by the dwarves of Khazad-dum. The healer Galen and others recommended jasper against fits, fevers, dropsy, bleeding, and above all stomach pains; Galen records that Tar-Meneldur wore a green jasper cut in the shape of a dragon surrounded by rays; when the jewelry was applied over his digestive organs, it was found to be wonderfully strengthening to their function. Pharcond wrote that some jaspers were "carved with the figure of a man bearing on his necke a bundle of hearbs and flowers; with the estimation and value of them noted that they have in them a facultie, or power restrictive, and will in an instant, or moment of time, staunch blood." Jasper also is esteemed as an amulet against phantasms and sorcery. The Lapidarium of Marbach says: "Againe, it is beleeved to be a safeguarde franke and free, to such as weare, and beare the same; and if it hallowed be, it makes the parties gratious, and mightie too, that have it, and noysome fansies(as they write that ment not to deprave it) it dooth displace out of the mind; the force thereof is stronger in silver, if the same be set; - and will endure the longer." >Bloodstone ---------- Bloodstone is an opaque massive stone, a form of jasper. It is dark green, sprinkled with deep red patches or flecks. It is cut as cabochons, beads, pendants, and the like, or smooth-cut to display the "blood-drops." One sage claims that bloodstone "...maketh the water sethe in the vessel that is is in, and resolveth it ... into mist, and soon after ... into rain drops. Also ... if it be put in a basin with clear water, it changeth the sunbeams by rebounding of the air, and seemeth to shadow them, and breedeth in the air red, and sanguine colours, as though the sun were in eclypse, and darkened." Thus Gairn Mydrath has suggested that the bloodstone is related to weather control. Because it was believed to stop bleeding, the bloodstone has often been carried by warriors into battle. Its value to warriors was further enhanced because the bloodstone was thought to inspire courage and to ensure success in hazardous enterprises. In similar fashion, "Magus" claimed that it "makes the wearer constant, renowned, and famous, conducing to long life"; also, "it so dazzles the eyes of men, that it causes the bearer to be invisible; but then there must be applied to it the heads of sun-flowers." Note that Orphaline is sometimes called "bloodstone" as well. Onyx ---- Onyx is a porous and opaque form of massive quartz, occurring in black or white or a black-and-white layered variety. It is made into beads and cabochons; smooth-cut for signets and the like; and carved into bowls and figurines. The mines of the stronghold of Khazad-dum were very rich in deposits of onyx, along with the other quartz-rocks. It is said to prevent fits when worn around the neck. Sangardya wrote that "the Onyx is a demon imprisoned in stone, who wakes only of a night, causing terror, and disturbance to sleepers who wear it." The sage Marbach asserted that the wearer is exposed to the assaults of demons, and to ugly visions, by night, besides being plagued with quarrels and charges by day. In contrast somewhat, Gairn Mydrath affirms that it causes discord among enemies. Sardonyx -------- This is a form of massive quartz consisting of bands of the translucent to opaque "sard" and opaque white onyx. It is carved into beads, cabochons, figures, seals, and other shapes. Sardonyx is said to make one cheerful, averting melancholy. In the Magick of Kiram is written, "Upon the Sardonyx engrave a Quail; and under its feet a Sea Tench; and when you are willing not to be seen, put a little of the concoction under the stone in the hollow of the ring, and wear the ring; and no man shall see you, if you do anything in the house; no; not if you should take anything that is in the house." However, of the nature of the "concoction" little is known. Its medicinal use was as a cure for snake bite and other poisons. Because it was thought to make the wearer eloquent, sardonyx is prized by orators and bashful lovers. Women have used it as a charm to capture the object of their love interest. Goldeneye --------- This is a translucent to semi-opaque form of massive quartz, displaying a much richer colour and lustre than most "cat's-eye" quartz does. It is rich golden-brown, with the "pupil" a pure yellow-gold colour. It is cut into cabochons, pendants, beads, and the like; and the stone in masses is also carved into figurines, bowls, and so forth. There are no accounts of any virtues or strange properties for this gemstone Chapter 4 - Beryls ================== Aquamarine ---------- The aquamarine is a transparent crystalline stone of a pale blue-green; like the emerald, it is a species of beryl, but it shows far fewer flaws (as a rule) than an emerald of equal size. It is normally cut as a faceted stone. Regarded as the sailor's talisman against the worst effects of tempests, the aquamarine is also said to cure liver complaints, convulsions and jaundice; to reconcile married folks; and to chase away idleness and stupidity. Hestrith, in his Virtues of Stones, associates the aquamarine with the Waters of the Sea, and as a cure for eye injuries, in powdered form, or alternately by applying a solution which has been soaked in the stone. In the Magick of Kiram one may read: "Take an Aqua-marine Stone, and engrave a Crow upon it; and under its feet a Crab; wear it as you will; for Joy, and Exultation, and Acquisition, and Union, and Conjugal Love; and it will make the Bearer cheerful, and Rich ..." Aramel ------ This is a semi-translucent to transparent, crystalline stone which comes in a variety of shades of blue, from pale blue to near purple. The rarest forms are of a uniform colour, but more generally the stone shows a variety of deep-green inclusions or mottlings. It is almost always faceted, although some of the more flawed versions are cut into cabochons. Unlike most minerals (and other beryls) it is not found in rock deposits, but rather turns up in stream beds, or in turned earth. The Lapidarium of Marbach called it a "Sky Sapphire", while the healer Galen refers to it as "...Aramel, the farmer's fortune". Like many of the beryls, it has a reputation as a prison for spirits, whose essence can only be banished by the stone's destruction, or as a ward from evil. Malbeth wrote that "the Aramel is a focus for the mind..."; Amarondo, in his The Natural Gemmaron added that the stone "salves the mind and brings inner peace" though, somewhat conversely Caerol considers it a gem of "..disturbing visions and dreams". Chrysoberyl ----------- Chrysoberyl is a transparent, greenish-yellow to green, crystalline stone. It also occurs as cat's-eyes of a yellow or brownish colour, which are sometimes called "precious cat's eyes," since they are quite beautiful and valuable. Occasionally, chrysoberyl crystals will occur in six-fold forms resembling simplified snowflakes. Clear stones are faceted; the cat's-eyes are cut as cabochons, and the "snowflakes" are simply polished to emphasize their beauty and symmetry. This gem is said to be endowed with virtue, assuring wearers of good luck in all their doings. Like aramel, it is believed by some to be the abode of spirits, and conversely to confer protection from possession upon the bearer. >Corberyl -------- Corberyl is a rare variety of chrysoberyl. In daylight, a corberyl is brilliant green with a vague bluish tint; in magical light it appears yellow or reddish-yellow; and in the light of a flame (candle, lantern, torch) it appears red with a hint of blue. It is normally faceted, although cabochon cat's-eye corberyls have been reported. Gairn Mydrath tells us it is a stone of good omens; this would be especially true for those whose colours are green and red. It is rumoured to have an affinity for magics involving shifting and changing colours. Emerald ------- This is a deep bright green stone, transparent and crystalline, always showing a number of inclusions. Usually it is faceted; an occasional stone with a vast number of inclusions will be made into a cabochon, as will the infrequent cat's-eye emerald. A large, comparatively flawless stone will be more valuable than a diamond of similar qualities - and much, much rarer. Highly regarded and favoured by the Eldar, they are often used in jewelry. Emerald has been worn to guard against plague, falling sickness, and venomous bites. As with other blue and green gems, the emerald is considered to be an eye stone, used for its soothing and refreshing properties; to strengthen and restore the sight and memory; to bolster friendship, and constancy of mind. Quenandil wrote that "the Emerald takes away foolish fears, as of orcs, and hobgoblins, with folly, and anger"; it is believed to "send evil spirits howling back to their Master", and to stifle fits and other ailments such as gout, liver complaints, and jaundice. Being linked with fertility, it is worn to ease the pain of childbirth. In the Magick of Kiram, this is written of the emerald: "Engrave thereupon the Bird Swan; and under its feet a Sea Lamprey; and wear the Stone against disturbance, and dreams, and stupidity. It causes Rest to Lunaticks, and to them that are troubled with the Cholick; and it is better if the Fat of the Sea Lamprey be put underneath." Pharcond wrote of its use in revealing adultery, since he believed it to grow dark when a lover was faithless. Although emeralds are beneficial to the eye, other creatures were not so fortunate, according to Freahar. He recounted the tale of how the chieftain Vidugadh, grandson of Vidugavia, slew the worm Lamthanc the deceiver. Entering the lair of the dragon, he wore upon his breast the heirloom of his tribe, the emerald Fregga. When the serpent tried to beguile the chieftain, his gaze was reflected in the emerald, blinding and confusing the worm. In the confusion, Vidugadh landed sufficient blows on the belly of the beast, that it bled to death in its rage, while he retreated to a safe distance. The falling of an emerald from its setting is accounted an extremely bad omen to the wearer. The gem is said to make its owner rich; the tyrant Castamir threw his prized emerald signet into the Anduin as an offering, for he and his allies feared that he might incur the wrath of the West with all the good fortune the ring had brought him in his time as ruler of Gondor. But, a few days later, he found the signet ring in the stomach of his freshly caught dinner fish, and he knew his sacrifice had been rejected. And, indeed, Castamir was soon overthrown, being slain by Eldacar in the Battle of the Crossings of Erui Chapter 5 - Corumdums ===================== Jacinth ------- The jacinth is the orange to fiery red-orange variety of the hard, transparent crystalline mineral corundum. It is faceted, except in the case of the rare translucent cat's-eye and star jaciniths. It is also known as the "true" or "greater jacinth," the "greater hyacinth," and the "orange sapphire." It is said to dispel evil spirits from the wearer, and to strengthen the heart, being often worn close to that organ and fashioned in the form of some animal. One sage called it a "specifick against the Crampe, and Convulsion; ... hung about the neck, for an Amulet against the Plague; or, set in a Ring." Malbeth wrote that "the Hyacinth provokes Sleep"; Amarondo, in his The Natural Gemmaron, agreed, and added that the jacinth "bring honour, riches, wisdom." Gairn Mydrath mentions also luck in traveling and protection from fire; and in Natural Lore by "Magus" was written that it "possesses virtues from the Sun against poisons, pestilence, and pestiferous vapours; likewise it renders the bearer pleasant, and acceptable; conduces also to gain money; being simply held in the mouth it strengthens the mind." Ruby ---- The ruby is a moderate-to-deep red, transparent variety of the hard crystalline mineral corundum. The finest rubies are absolutely clear and uniformly of that deep red colour called "pigeon's blood"; lesser stones may vary from a paler red to a somewhat garnet-like red tinged with purplish-brown. It is usually faceted, but cloudy specimens may be made into cabochons, as may the rare cat's-eye; see also the star ruby below. A favoured stone of the Noldorin, the smiths of Ost-in-Edhil preferred the richest dark reds, one of these being set in the ring Narya. The mines of Nogrod produced some of the greatest stones ever found in Middle-earth. The ruby is said to ward off plagues and pestilences, dispersing infectious airs; if the corners of a house, garden, or vineyard are touched with a ruby, they will supposedly be preserved from lightning, tempests, and worms. Caerol wrote that "it has the power of making the wearer cheerful, whilst banishing idle, and foolish thoughts"; the mystic Freahar says that "it resists poyson, resists sadness, restrains lust, drives away frightful dreams, keeps the body safe." It is said to give warning if misfortune threatens the wearer, becoming much darker in hue; when the peril or evil is averted or over, it then resumes its former colour. Gilculdor considered that a ruby inserted in the flesh, would make one strong and invincible. It is also supposed to prevent loss of blood, and to strengthen the heart; a blood-red stone, held in the mouth, is said to stimulate the mind. When powdered, it is taken to make the body capable of resisting decay; and to "sweeten the sharpness of the humours, to strengthen the vitals, and to drive away melancholy." Tales are told of a magnificent ruby which lies in a fountain below the earth. This artifact possessed youth giving properties. Similarly inspired, The Honest Jeweller claims that when rubbed on the body, this miraculous stone would remove visible signs of aging. >Star Ruby --------- The star ruby is a translucent ruby with a whitish "star" at the centre, cut into a cabochon to display the asterism. It otherwise conforms in all respects to the description and properties of ruby. Sapphires --------- This name is traditionally reserved for the moderate-to-deep clear blue tradum, one of the hardest natural substances; "sapphire" is also sometimes used to refer to other colour varieties of corundum, such as the "orange sapphire" or jacinth. The sapphire is usually faceted, but there are the occasional cat's-eye sapphires; and also the black- and star-sapphires (see below). Among the colour varieties of corundum that are not given other names, and are therefore called "(colour) sapphires," are pinkish, chartreuse, clear/white, and brown; and each colour of corundum occurs in cat's-eye and star forms as well. The pure blue form is most prized by the elves (one being the gem of Vilya), though the yellow variety is also appreciated. Sapphires have been found in many mountain ranges: the Blue Mountains, the White Mountains, and the Grey Mountains. The true blue sapphire is credited with many virtues. Asurion wrote that it "procure favour with princes, pacifies enemies, and gives freedom from enchantment, or captivity"; the alchemist Sangardya said that "it impels to all good things" (though he warned that it was "capable of producing sleep-walking"); and some teach that it can bring purity and spiritual enlightenment. In fact, like the amethyst, it is often considered a highly suitable stone in acts of worship, being alleged to render the wearer "pacific, amiable, pious, and devout, confirming the soul in good works," to prevent wicked and impure thoughts, to render evil magic powerless, and help the wearer to discern falsehood and guile. It will supposedly refuse to shine when used for the purpose of beautifying the impure. The sapphire is supposed to be such an enemy to poison that if a stone is put into a container with a spider (or other venomous creature) it will kill the creature. It is said to preserve the sight and cure diseases of the eyes, as well as sharpening the intellect and fortifying the heart. When powdered, it is recommended to heal tumours, sores, boils, and pustules. Gilcudor alleges its power of extinguishing fire, because of a natural antagonism to heat; similarly, the Glittering Intelligencer tells of its "contrariety ... against hot biles [and] feverish heats". >Amethyst Sapphire ----------------- Amethyst Sapphire is a variety of the hard, transparent, crystalline mineral corundum with a colour closely resembling that of the amethyst. It is normally faceted, except for the rare cat's-eye and star forms. It is also called "purple sapphire." The stone is generally credited with the same mystic properties as a true amethyst, though especially its use in places of worship. >Black Sapphire -------------- The black sapphire is a blue-black form of the sapphire, so dark as to approach translucence. It is usually faceted, or can be cut into a cabochon, especially the cat's-eye and star varieties. Some smiths of Ost-in-Edhil greatly liked this very rare and ominously hued gem. It has no reputation for mystic properties, even those ascribed to the classic sapphire. >Emerald Sapphire ---------------- This is the variety of corundum whose colour most closely resembles that of the emerald. Normally faceted (except for stars and cat's-eyes), it is also known as "green sapphire,". It is said to have the same mystic properties as a true emerald. >Golden Sapphire --------------- The golden sapphire is the variety of corundum whose colour most closely resembles the yellow topaz. Normally faceted (except in the star and cat's-eye form). Its mystical properties are alleged to be the same as a topaz. >Star Sapphire ------------- The star sapphire is a translucent, deep blue sapphire with a whitish "star" at the centre, cut in the cabochon shape to display this phenomenon. Gairn Mydrath credits the stone with special efficacy as a protection from magic; otherwise, it conforms in all respects to the sapphire. Chapter 6 - Opals ================= Opal ---- This is a translucent, massive stone, usually pale blue-white but displaying an array of red, yellow, green, and violet highlights when light is reflected from its surface. Many varieties exist: a mosaic of small coloured areas of play is the mark of a "harlequin opal"; near- transparency and a moonstone-like appearance distinguish a "water opal"; near-opacity, paleness, and limited play of colour indicate the common "milky opal"; and there are several others(see below). It is made into cabochons and other low, rounded forms to best display the play of colours. It is a soft and somewhat brittle stone; and, heated opals may lose part or all of their opalescent colour play, and thus much of their beauty and value. Many eldar favoured the cloudy, rainbow-hued opal. It is often used in rings or weapon pommels. The dwarves of Khazad-dum mined many fine opals. The poet Hather wrote of the opal that "The stone is reported to have as many virtues as it has colours; but what they are Eldar are something silent about." Its virtue is said to prevail against all diseases of the eyes, to sharpen and strengthen the sight. Marbach tells us it is the patron stone of thieves, as it confers the gift of invisibility on the wearer; but the alchemist Sangardya warns that "the Opal is fatal to love, and sows discord between the giver and receiver." Peculiarly attuned to its owner's moods and health, an opal would glow brightly to indicate joy and good health. When a person died, it was believed that the opal's fires would be quenched. >Black Opal ---------- Black opal is that variety of opal in which the body colour is smoke-black, deep green, and dark blue, forming an almost opaque background in which its opalescent colour play is displayed. Very rare, few indeed have the colour play of their brethren, but those that do display a unique dark beauty which many dark-haired Noldor appreciate. Black opals have always been considered particularly lucky. It was believed that when a love passion was conceived in the presence of a black opal, the gem would absorb the emotion. Ever after, the fire of that passion would glow in the stone. For this reason, the black opal is sometimes referred to as the "passion stone." Otherwise the black opal has the properties of the other forms of opal. >Fire Opal --------- This is a rare orange to orange-red form of opal, ranging from transparent to transparent with mottled translucence. It does not always have the intricate colour play of other opals; when play is present, the stone is more valuable. If transparent, it is often faceted; usually it is made into cabochons otherwise. In addition to those virtues normally associated with opals, one may guess that the fire opal is also associated with fire magics. Chapter 7 - Ore-stones ====================== Brinestone ---------- Brinestone is a form of copper ore, an opaque massive stone of a deep pure blue colour, generally uniform but sometimes slightly mottled. It is polished and cut into beads, cabochons, and similar shapes; a stone of uniform colour is more valuable. It often occurs in deposits with malabreen, such as the mines of Belegost. There are no reports of any special properties of the mineral. Malabreen --------- This is an opaque massive stone, striated in bands of lighter and darker green. It is carved into beads, figurines, cabochons, and the like, and is also sawn into slabs that are used as inlays or veneers. It is often interspersed with brinestone; both are ores of copper. Malabreen is used as a talisman to protect children and expectant mothers, often in a form similar to the eye agate. Gairn Mydrath associated it with protection from falling. Marbach associates it wear with protection from lightning, as well as becoming impervious to seduction. Orphaline --------- This is an opaque, grey-black massive stone that when powdered or crumbled shows itself to be made up of miniscule blood-red particles (it is a major iron ore). Gem-quality orphaline is deep black, fine-grained, and glossy (it is sometimes imitated with steel). It is made into beads, cabochons, pendants, and the like, or smooth-cut for signet rings (which traditionally depict Eonwe). Orphaline is found with many iron-ores, and has been mined in Khazad-dum, Erebor, and the Iron Hills. Ground to a powder, orphaline is widely believed to stop bleeding, cure blood diseases, and to soothe skin ulcerations and burns. Marbach considered it a warrior's talisman. It is sometimes called "bloodstone" by authors (see Chpt. 3). Chapter 8 - Other Earth-gems ============================ Diamond ------- Diamond is a transparent, crystalline stone, the hardest natural substance known. The most valued colour is a clear bluish-white; most lesser stones are clear white or off-white, but other less valued colour varieties are known, among them mauve, pink, peach, and chartreuse. The gem is always faceted. Highly prized by many cultures, the pure white stones were not that highly regarded by many of the Mirdain of Ost-in-Edhil. They did however, covet the very scarce coloured varieties, especially blue and pale violets. Diamonds are found under many mountains, and some hills, but generally in very small quantities, and of inferior quality. Of the sources of Middle-earth, only Gondolin and Khazad-dum yielded the truly great stones. Various sages agree that diamond is supposed to preserve the wearer from various spirits, ghosts, nightmares, and the like. Thoromil, in his Mirror of Stones, wrote that "It is a help to lunaticks, and such as are possessed; being bound to the left arm it gives victory over enemies; it tames wild beasts; ... makes him that wears it bold, and daring in his transactions." It is said to preserve the wearer from sorrows, and to make him "more fearless than careful". The alchemist Sangardya wrote that it "impels to all good things ... [but is] capable of producing sleep- walking." Malbeth wrote that "the Diamond renders a man invisible"; and it supposedly preserves against lightning. It is said to be an antidote to poisons when worn as a finger jewel; yet for many it was believed to be the most deadly of all substances if swallowed. Quenandil recounts the tale of Naugladur, king of the dwarves of Nogrod. He wore a singular diamond on a chain of silver. The king would use the diamond as an aid in passing judgment: to determine the guilt or innocence of those brought before him. If the accused was guilty, the adjudicating diamond would grow dark. In the presence of innocence, however, it would glow with increased brilliance. The talismanic virtue of the diamond was said to be lost if the stone was purchased. To be effective the gem had to be given as a pledge of love or friendship. Garnet ------ Garnet is a transparent crystalline stone; in addition to the usual orangish- to purplish-red or red-brown, garnets also occur in black, violet, and even green colour varieties. The violet form, also called "ardalure," is the rarest, most prized, and most valuable. Its pale violet hue, very delicate and beautiful in appearance, is the only garnet which the Noldor take seriously. Small crystals, the most frequently occurring form, are sometimes drilled and strung into necklaces; larger stones are faceted; cabochon garnets are known as carbuncles. Garnets are mined by Gondor in the White Mountains. Sangardya wrote that "the Garnet preserves health and joy"; Hestrith called the garnet the "lamp stone", claiming in his Virtues of Stones that if hung around the neck, garnet gave the power of seeing in the dark. Its possessor is (supposedly) likely to be faithful and true; it is said to resist melancholy, cure palpitations of the heart, and stop spitting of blood. It is supposed so effective as a heart stimulant, that missiles tipped with garnet can cause fatal convulsions. In the Lapidarium, Marbach wrote of the wearing of garnets to drive out nightmares and evil thoughts - and, thereby, to relieve insomnia. Jade ---- Jade is a translucent-to-opaque, massive stone with an oily lustre. It occurs in several colour varieties: shades of green, including the near- transparent bright green "royal jade" (highly prized) and the rare spinach-green jade with its golden glints; white, waxy-looking "mutton-fat jade," which may have patches of green or (rarely) streaks of carmine; and the uncommon yellow, cinnabar-red, earth-brown, black, and lavender varieties. It has been carved into beads, cabochons, pendants, vases, buttons, figurines, bottles, weapons, musical instruments, and a myriad other forms, for it is hard and dense, and carves well. Though it is a seemingly common stone in the lands of the Far East, no deposits have even been found. Jade is prized by healers of the East, being widely employed as a remedy for disease of the kidneys. It is worn over this organ to break up kidney stones. Powdered and mixed with gold and silver, jade strengthens the lungs, the vocal organs, and the heart and prolongs life. Mixtures involving jade have also been reported for hardening bones, making muscles more supple, calming the mind, and purifying the blood. Taken regularly, this prescription eliminates hunger and thirst as well as sensations of heat and cold. Caerol wrote of its efficacy in protecting the body from decay. Wherever it appears, in any of its colours, jade is respected. In some eastern cultures it is almost venerated, regarded as a diviner of judgments and a charm of happy omen, and esteemed as most precious. When it is struck, jade is said to give forth a note that floats sharply and distinctly to a distance; thus Gairn Mydrath associates it with skill at music and musical instruments. Lapis ----- Lapis is a dense, opaque and massive stone of a medium to deep blue colour (the deeper and more uniform the blue, the more valuable), usually flecked with golden specks of pyrites (fool's gold). It is carved into cabochons, beads, or figurines, and is used in slabs for tables, boxes, etc., and for inlay work. It is a fairly soft stone, which was one of the few stones found on the Isle of Numenor. Ancient kings of Numenor sharpened their weapons on lapis, believing they (the weapons and the kings) would become invulnerable. One healer advised that "it purgeth chiefly melancholy, cure quartans, apoplexies, fits, ... and many others from dementia." It is said to give sleep, to relieve asthma, to sharpen the intellect, and relieve anxieties and obsessions (thus, Gairn Mydrath tells us, it raises morale and courage), and to cure eye troubles and diseases of the spleen. Midwives of Arnor often employed powdered lapis, for it was reputed to prevent miscarriage and to also expedite childbirth. Finally, it has also served as an antidote to serpent bites. Loryl ----- This is a opaque stone ranging in colour from pale pink to medium red. It occurs mostly in a massive, banded form, and occasionally in single-coloured opaque crystals. It is made into beads, cabochons, boxes, vases, and the like. It is a somewhat soft stone, and fairly vulnerable to acid. No mystic or magical properties are attributed to it by any of the Sages. Moonstone --------- Moonstone is a white, translucent, massive stone that shows a distinctive white or blue-white play of light, resembling moonlight; there are also greenish, grey, and even red-brown varieties. It is always carved into beads, cabochons, and similar shallow, rounded forms to bring out this effect. It is said by Uthrin the Elder to display an image of the moon, which waxes or wanes according to the state of the moon at the time; in a related vein, Gairn Mydrath suggests that it may induce skin-changing but conversely to protect the wearer from lunacy. Pharcond calls it the Stone of Lovers: when placed in the mouth during the full moon, the moonstone enabled lovers to foretell the future of their relationship. Since another of the gem's attributes was to arouse the tender passions, this fortune-telling ability was very useful. Obsidian -------- This is a volcanic natural glass, opaque to semi-opaque, that occurs in black, grey, and red-brown varieties, as well as "snowflake obsidian," which is black with whitish specks. It is carved or flaked into figures and ornaments; and, an obsidian blade can be flaked to a sharpness not attainable by any unenchanted metal edge. Obsidian occurs commonly near sites of volcanic activity. Peridot ------- Peridot is a transparent, crystalline stone, usually a clear yellow-green, although it can vary from near emerald-green to almost an olive-green. The better stones are faceted; flawed or cloudy stones are polished for beads, or made into cabochons, as are the occasional cat's-eye peridots. The stone is also known as "shardoon." Set in gold and worn around the neck or left arm, peridot is said to be a charm against all magic and sorcery. It is credited with the power to dispel night terrors, to cure cowardice, to "cool boiling water, and assuage wrath," to calm anger and madness while being able to brighten the wit. It is said to be "good against hemorrhages, and all manner of fluxes of blood, as likewise to stop bleeding," and also to ward off fevers. Many seers of Arnor and Gondor have used the stone as an aid to foretelling the future. Spinel ------ This is a transparent, crystalline stone that occurs in a range of colours from grey-green to blue-black to purple to deep red to rose. The most valuable "non-precious" stones are a pure deep red; the deep blue form is more valuable still, but also much more scarce. Spinel is usually faceted, but extremely large specimens of the better sorts are simply polished and put into highly elaborate mountings. Spinels were mined by dwarves in the Grey Mountains, before the dragons made the lands inhospitable. Of all the texts, there is no mention of mystic qualities for the gemstone. Topaz ----- Topaz is a transparent, crystalline stone, normally yellow to golden yellow-brown in colour; colourless, pink, and blue varieties are also known. Because it cleaves easily, it is often difficult to cut well; it is generally faceted, but cloudy specimens may be cut as cabochons or pendants. Occasionally, large crystals of startling clarity are discovered. Khazad-dum was renowned for producing some of the most stunning topazes. One writer alleges that topaz wards off evil spells; the Glittering Intelligencer contains praise of the "contrariety of ... the Topaz against spiritual heats, such as covetousness and anger." It is supposed to cure inflammations, and The Honest Jeweller has a claim that "when thrown into boiling water the Topaz at once deprives this of its heat". Similarly, Gairn Mydrath valued its properties as a quencher of thirst. Powdered, it is said to prevent bleeding, to be favourable against hemorrhages, to impart strength and good digestion; to cure asthma, lack of sleep, and diverse other maladies. It is said to keep the wearer from sleepwalking, and a whole stone applied within or to the side of the nose is said to halt a nosebleed. It is believed that madness could be cured by a dose of topaz and wine. As a guard against sorcery, topaz has been worn, set in gold, on the left arm. It is also thought to cure cowardice, as credited by Freahar and the Book of Flaxan Leechdoms. Tourmaline ---------- This is a transparent, crystalline stone (some specimens are so cloudy as to be nearly translucent). It occurs with fair frequency in a bewildering variety of colours; white, blue, grey, purple, red, orange, yellow, brown, green, near-black; and in combinations of two and even three colours in a single stone. Clear stones are faceted; cloudy ones are cut into cabochons or beads, or carved into figurines. The largest and cloudiest crystals are often sawn into slices, especially in order to display such colour combinations as the "watermelon tourmaline": deep green exterior, bright red interior. Stones with deep, pure colours are usually more valuable, even when the colours are combinations. Cat's-eye tourmalines occur in all colours and combinations, and are made in cabochons. While they were operational, the delvings of the Red Hills of Cardolan yielded some remarkable tourmalines, though in small qualities. Tourmaline has been credited with several curative uses, including the strengthening of teeth and bones. Tourmaline possesses magnetic properties that cause it to give off a soothing tingle when rubbed with a piece of silk. For this reason, it is attributed with the ability to enable sleep and calm nerves. This gem also is thought to prevent baldness. Pink tourmaline was thought by "Magus" to make its wearer popular, while the green variety increased trading prowess. Dreaming of a tourmaline foretells accidents. Turquoise --------- Turquoise is a translucent-to-opaque massive stone, blue to greenish-blue in colour; it frequently occurs with brownish veining. The most valuable is sky-blue, translucent, and without veining; the least valued (and most common) is green-blue, opaque, and heavily veined. It is usually cut into cabochons, or beads and pendants; large pieces may be cut into figurines, and pebbles of a size may be polished and strung together. Thoromil wrote that turquoise is "useful to horsemen; as long as the rider has it with him, his horse will never tire him, and will preserve him unhurt from any accident." The Jeweller Magsted agrees that it is a special talisman for horses, and adds that it is a "stone of victory." Amarondo claimed that it "strengthens the eyes, and cheers the soul of the wearer; it saves him from suffering a fall, by cracking itself instead; it grows pale as the wearer sickens, loses it colour entirely on his death, but recovers it when placed on the finger of a new, and healthy possessor." Also, because of its changeable color, it is thought to predict the weather, indicate illness, and warn of poison. Affixed to a bow, it ensures accuracy of aim. The stone symbolizes success and good fortune, and has often been worn as a love charm. Zircon ------ This is a transparent, crystalline stone; in addition to the usual pale blue-green and orange-red varieties (these two being the most valued), the stone also comes in brownish-yellow, reddish-brown, green, and purple varieties. It is brittle and difficult to cut, and is traditionally finished as small faceted stones. The orange-red variety is called the "lesser" or "common hyacinth," or the "lesser jacinth"; the smokier form is sometimes called a "jargoon." The zircon (the pale blue-green kind), it is said, "procures sleep, honour, and wisdom; besides driving away evil spirits." Hung around the neck, it protects against wounds. Farmers count on the zircon to provide a good harvest and to guard against lightning. Zircon also was thought to ensure prudence in business matters. To the so-called "lesser jacinth" are attributed a lesser degree of the properties of the true jacinth Chapter 9 - The Fashioning and Making of Gems ============================================= A different art and science altogether from the cleaving and polishing of gems, the making of gems is a lost art which even when taught was only comprehended and mastered by a few. The smiths of Ost-in-Edhil, in the tradition of Feanor and the Silmarils, made gems. Celebrimbor carried many of the secrets of his father's father out of Nargothrond and applied them in the smithies of the elven city of Eregion. It is known that extreme heat and pressure over time creates natural gemstones from less noble elements. With the aid of powers, the Noldor were able to duplicate this process and greatly accelerate it. This was the science and art of the high Jewelsmiths of the Gwaith-i-Mirdain. Other methods were also mastered, of which are known: the pouring of liquids which later harden, the crystallization of chemical mixtures, and other enchanting means. Adamant ------- Adamant is reputed to have made in Ost-in-Edhil by Celebrimbor himself who used it as the jewel in Nenya. Adamant is harder than diamond, yet is said to be coloured in the making and faceted. Adamant resembles diamond, being clear and brilliant, but is even brighter than that stone. There is no greater stone made by the Eldar, bar only one. Given the rarity of this gemstone, there is consequently little information about potential properties. Nevertheless, Malbeth considered the stone to be the essence of purity, and a powerful source of good deeds. Its brilliance has been held to have especial power over over evil. The alchemist Sangardya wrote of "...Adamant, its brilliance arrayed will banish any spirit..", thus it may well be a powerful ward against the Unseen world. In a similar vein, The Mirror of Stones contains references to the capacity of adamant to lay bare the Unseen, thus suggesting that such things are made naked and apparent to the wielder of the stone. Conversely, Quenandil considered it capable of obscuring many things, with the power to draw a veil over the eyes of enemies. Amber ----- Amber is the hardened and treated resin of certain rare conifers. It appears as lumps of pale-gold to deep-gold colour as a rule, but also ranges from an opaque, frothy white form called "bone amber" to the murky, near-black "bog amber". The most transparent golden pieces are more valuable. Amber is carved into beads and cabochons, and sometimes larger, more intricate shapes. Is is quite a brittle material, somewhat flammable, and comparatively soft. Amber is said to ward off diseases and as an agent of healing; the alchemist Sangardya affirmed that "Amber is curative of sore throat, and glandular swellings." It is worn in a necklace to cure coughs, to prevent attacks of sore throat in delicate persons, and to preserve young children from evil powers of sorcery. Ground up and mixed with honey (which it resembles in colour), it is said to obviate dimness of sight; also, mixed with honey and rose-oil, it is accounted a specific for curing ear infections and deafness. Inhaling the fumes of burnt amber has been used to relive breathing difficulties. This treatment was achieved by throwing powdered amber onto a hot stone. Burned amber also was used to ease labour pains. To cure jaundice, the stone was worn against the body so it could absorb the yellow from the skin. Amber has been associated with non-healing properties as well. Freahar claimed that Men of many tribes of the North use amber as a test of faithfulness: when laid on the breast of a sleeping wife, the wife would be moved to confess any evil deeds. Finally, it is generally accepted to have a strange affinity for electricity and to move of its own accord during thunderstorms. Gallenglas ---------- Another Noldor creation, gallenglas is one of the most bizarre (and also most versatile) materials used by the elves. Commonly smoky black in colour, it is perhaps unique in the behaviour of the stone when heated: it actually gains strength and rigidity. Only by chilling to temperatures beyond the bitterest cold can it be softened, and then it is sculpted and molded to the desired form. What elements its creation involves is a secret not shared with Men (though some dwarves claim to know the ingredients). To the touch it has the feel of glass, but it can sharpened like steel, making it an excellent material for the blades of weapons. In addition, its ability to be molded means many dazzling examples of gallenglas sculpture exist in dark, clear, or pale tints (the latter types being treated to achieve the required hue). Though the secret of its manufacture remains, examples of gallenglas have appeared, many presumably the result of the sack of Ost-in-Edhil. The Honest Jeweller considers "...in defence against unnatural heats, the Gallenglas is the ultimate material known...conversely it is quite susceptible to attack under the effects of extreme chills." Similarly, the dwarf-lord Durin III was said to possess a helm of gallenglas - a present to him from Celebrimbor. Since it makes for superior weapons, gallenglas has gained a reputation as a warrior's talisman, even when worn inset into a piece of jewelry. Jet --- This is a glossy black, opaque and massive stone, created by the compacting and manipulating of rare carbonised woods. It is usually faceted, or simply polished, for beads and pendants; it is sometimes carved into figurines and other shapes. The stone is flammable under great heat. Jet is sometimes called Black Amber (and perhaps the process by which the Eldar produce the two materials are similar). Like amber, it has often been burnt and the fumes inhaled to alleviate various conditions, including edema, colds, and hysteria. Drinking water in which a piece of jet had been dipped was supposed to ease childbirth. Powdered jet and beeswax, formed into a salve, has cured swollen glands, as well as tumours. In Ithilien there had been a long tradition of using this black stone was used for relieving toothache, by mixing with wine. Gairn Mydrath recommends it as a material for creating soul objects, though what he meant by such things is unclear. Silima ------ Greatest of all the works of Elves was the fashioning of the Silmarils, and the greatest gem ever created was the housing of these jewels: silima. No one knows (not even the greatest elven smiths) of what silima was made, or how it was forged and enchanted, save Feanor himself. Like the crystal of diamonds it appeared, and yet was stronger even than adamant, so that no violence could mar or break it. One can obviously not discuss silima without considering the Silmarils, since these provide the only examples of the use of this wondrous material. Many sages have speculated on how much one can discuss silima as anything other than a material designed to house the blended light of the two trees. If so, then silima could not possibly exist otherwise than as it did; its creation was integral with its purpose. From Maglor's original poem we can still marvel at how the Silmarils shone of their own accord like the stars of Varda; and yet, as were they indeed living things, they rejoiced in light and received it and gave it back in hues more marvelous than before. Chapter 10 - From the Sea and the Sky ===================================== Though the previous chapters have covered the major forms of gemstone, it is worth also considering some of the other precious materials which have special properties, but do not form in the marrying of Earth and Fire. Coral ----- Coral is the clean, dry skeleton of marine creatures that live in the seas around the lands of the Far South. Jewelry-quality coral is exceptionally compact, solid, and free of pores. The chief, "red" variety also occurs in shades ranging from pure white to very dark oxblood red; black and blue varieties also exist. All forms are polished and worn as bangles, or carved into beads, cabochons, figurines, and so forth. The black variety is traditionally used for dagger handles, walking sticks, and the like, usually with additional silver decoration. It is a soft but not brittle "stone", and quite vulnerable to acid. Vanmir wrote much on the use of corals in the Southern Lands. The black variety is worn in the form of bangles to guard against poison, and to cure gout. The red kind was said by Vanmir to make "an amulet against fear, and frights, fascinations, incantations, poysons, epilepsies, melancholy, spiritual assaults, and thunder." It is worn as a protection from the evil eye, by women as a cure for sterility, to baffle sorcery, counteract poisons, and protect from sea tempests and robbers. Previously, the Umbarean mystic Sangardya had written that "the red Coral is a cure for indigestion when kept constantly next the person"; it is also praised as a purifier of the blood and for use against the black choler, derangements of the liver, and pains of the stomach; and to staunch bleeding. Gairn Mydrath says also that it calms weather, brings safety in river crossings, and (as Vanmir implied) cures madness, particularly the fear of water. Menevar ------- Menevar is the name given to certain rare bits of glass of celestial origin found in desert regions. The rock is invariably black in colour and from casual inspection looks quite similar to obsidian, but under closer scrutiny have a more glassy appearance. Menevari are found sometimes as irregular blobs and angular fragments, but often they are clearly a splash form of one type or another. These splash forms include, spheres, discs, rods, teardrops, and varieties of all these with bending and slumping. Spheres may have a smooth surface or the pieces may be deeply grooved. The spheres are also amongst the most stressed of the Menevari often shattering into dozens of pieces when an attempt is made to cut them. Besides nearly perfect spheres they occur in the whole spectrum of flatten and elongated round forms. Menevari are not usually smooth, they are usually pitted or grooved or a combination of both. More often than not they have a bald spot which is smooth. They are always cut into cabochons. Though rarely used in jewelry, they have occasionally been used in arms and armour (most infamously in the pommels of the swords Anglachel and Anguirel). Sangardya wrote that Menevar is a blessing from Varda, bringing good luck and great fortune, while Freahar claimed it brought success in battle. Conversely, Galen warned of "...Menevar, the accursed glass whose wearer will most certainly suffer an ill Wrack." Pearl ----- The pearl is the end product of layers of secretion with which certain mollusks surround bits of foreign matter in their shells. When the secretion hardens, it takes on a unique lustre which originates in its dispersion of light just below its surface. It occurs in many shapes: round, teardrop, "button" (flat on one side), and the myriad irregular forms known collectively as the "baroque" pearl. This is generally the order of value as well, with only the most lustrous and largest baroques being treasured. As well as the traditional "pearly white", these stones come in less common colour varieties in a range from yellow and pale rose to the rare, lustrous deep black. Pearls are highly valued by the Eldar, especially the Teleri, who designed many pieces of jewelry incorporating them. They are mounted in all sorts of jewelry settings (mountings often use half-pearls), and, being easily drilled, are strung in various ways - by graduated sizes or in a uniform string; in single, multiple, or even braided strands. Fresh-water mollusks sometimes yield pearls, but these are usually of much poorer quality than pearls from a salt-water mollusk. Pearls are quite vulnerable to acid, fire, and electrical attacks, to crushing blows, and other physical trauma. They may be damaged by sudden changes in temperature, and are alleged to deteriorate if left untouched for great lengths of time, although sea water will supposedly negate any such deterioration. The pearl is said to symbolize innocence, and to preserve virtue and chastity. Many healers and sages commended its use in various powdered mixtures, for clearing the spirit; resisting poison, pestilence, plague, and putrefaction; strengthening the heart; fortifying the nerves; curing weak eyes; and preserving the body from the decay of old age. Despite the many virtues of this gem, there were limitations and, even, risks attached to using it. In fact, defective pearls are believed to cause all manner of discomfort, from disgrace and misfortune to insanity and death. We are also warned by the sages that "pearls protend a torrent of tears", especially when they appear in dreams and prophesies Chapter 11 - The Sages and their Sources ======================================== Asurion: Numenorean priest, 26th century of the Second Age. Amarondo: Court physician to Siriondil of Gondor, 8th century. Author of The Natural Gemmaron and Lapidar Historia. Book of Flaxan Leechdoms: Written in Cardolan c. 14th century. Caerol: Sage of the Court of Dol Amroth, 10th century. Wrote the treatises Herum: A Subtilitate, and The Gemmus. Freahar: Northman mystic of Rhovanion, 19th century. Gairn Mydrath: Healer of Dale, 28th century. Author of The Lore of the Mirdain, he perished in The Desolation of the Dragon, but his work survived. Galen: Numenorean physician to Tar-Meneldur, 9th century of the Second Age. His works on medicine were the standard texts for the Numenoreans, and for many centuries during the founding of the Realms in Exile. Gilcudor: Arnorean Sage to Valandil, 2nd century. Author of The Twelve Holy Jewels of the Line of Elendil. Hather: Adan poet and bard of the First Age. Author of Laire Sangwaloke, a poem on antidotes against the poison of serpents. Hestrith: Noble and natural philospher of Calenardhon, 17th century. Author of Virtues of Stones. Honest Jeweller, The: A work by a nameless Rhudarim c. 11th century. Magick of Kiram: Ancient work by an unknown sage. It is alluded to in many texts, but its whereabouts for the last twenty centuries are unknown. Magsted: Jeweller of the House of Hurin, 28th century. "Magus" (Telissering), High Lapidarist of Minas Anor, 16th century. Author of Glittering Intelligencer, and Natural Lore. Malbeth: Seer of Arthedain, 20th century. His cryptic prophesies have been discussed ever since. Marbach: Seer and poet of Annuminas, 7th century. Author of the lengthy poem on gems, the Lapidarium. Pharcond: Arthedain seer of Amon Sul, 3rd century. Quenandil: Ithilean seer, 17th century. Author of Histories and Geologies. Sangardya: Umbarean mystic and alchemist of the 8th century. Thoromil: Healer and seer of Minas Anor, 12th century. His work "Mirror of Stones" (originally in Quenya), was widely translated and somewhat plagiarized. Uthrin the Elder: Ithilien scholar and explorer, 2nd century. Wrote dozens of texts on all kinds of subjects, including one on gems entitled Minerals of the Earth. He died tragically after inhaling fumes while investigating Orodruin. Vanmir: Alchemist of Pelargir, 12th century. After (supposed) extensive travels in the Far South, he proclaimed various radically new theories and principles of medicine, angering many practising charlatans in the field of healing. (He died after an attack by a gang of his opponents.) His works include The Natural Road.